6th Grade
PARTS of SPEECH
NOUN - a person, place, thing, or idea
common - girl, language, school
proper - Sara, French, HMS
PRONOUN- a word used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns
personal
relative
interrogative
indefinite
demonstrative
reflexive
intensvie
ADJECTIVE - used to modify (describe) a noun or a pronoun and answers the questions what kind, which one, how many or how much
common - black, smooth, thin
proper - Chinese, Venetian,
demonstrative - this, that, these, those
VERB - shows action or links the subject to a word in the predicate
action (mental or physical)- run, snap, jump
linking (has a PN or a PA)- is, remain, smell
helping (helps the main verb)- be, am,
ADVERB - modifies verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs and answers the questions where, when, how, how often, how long, to what
extent, and how much
CONJUNCTION - joins words, phrases, and clauses together
coordinating - and, but, for, or nor, so, yet
correlative - neither...nor, either...or, not only...but also, both...and, whether....or
INTERJECTION - shows a strong emotion
KINDS of SENTENCES
declarative -makes a statement and ends with a period
imperative - gives a command or makes a request and ends with a period or sometimes and exclamation point
interrogative - asks a question and ends with a period
exclamatory - shows excitement or expresses and strong emotion and ends with an exclamtion point
7th Grade A NOUN is a word or word group that is used to name a person, a place, a thing, or an idea
EXAMPLES Persons teacher, chef, Dr. James Places Grand Canyon, city, Canada, kitchen Things lamp, granite, Nobel Prize, Golden Gate Bridge Ideas happiness, self-control, liberty, bravery, democracy
A PRONOUN is a word that is used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns.
A personal pronoun refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one spoken about (third person).
Personal Pronouns
Singular
Plural
First Person
I, me, my, mine
we, us, our, ours
Second Person
you, your, yours
you, your, yours
Third Person
he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its
they, them, their, theirs
A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject and is necessary to the meaning of the sentence.
Reflexive Pronouns
First Person
myself, ourselves
Second Person
yourself, yourselves
Third Person
himself, herself, itself, themselves
A demonstrative pronoun points out a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.
Demonstrative Pronouns
this
that
these
those
An interrogative pronoun introduces a question.
Interrogative Pronouns
what
which
who
whom
whose
An indefinite pronoun refers to a person, a place, a thing, or an idea that may or may not be specifically named.
Common Indefinite Pronouns
all
each
many
nobody
other
any
either
more
none
several
anyone
everything
most
no one
some
both
few
much
one
somebody
A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate clause.
Common Relative Pronouns
that
which
who
whom
whose
An ADJECTIVE is a word that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun.
To modify a word means to describe the word or to make its meaning more definite. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by telling what kind, which one, how much, or how many.
What Kind?
Which One or Ones?
How Much or How Many?
Korean children
seventh grade
several days
busy dentist
these countries
five dollars
braided hair
any book
no marbles
A VERB is a word that expresses action or a state of being.
EXAMPLES
We celebrated the Chinese New Year yesterday.
The holiday is usually in February. Action Verbs
A verb that expresses either physical or mental activity.
EXAMPLES
The owls hooted all night. [physical action]
Gloria plays volleyball. [physical action]
She thought about the problem. [mental action]
I believe you. [mental action] Linking Verbs
A verb that expresses a state of being. A linking verb connects, or links, the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject.
EXAMPLES
Denzel Washington is an actor. [The verb is connects actor with the subject Denzel Washington.]
The children remained quiet. [The verb remained links quiet with the subject children.] Helping Verbs and Main Verbs
A helping verb(auxiliary verb) helps the main verb express action or a state of being.
A verb phrase contains one main verb and one or more helping verbs.
An ADVERB is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Adverbs answer the following questions:
Where?
How often? or How long?
When?
To what extent? or
How much?
How?
EXAMPLES
The sprinter ran swiftly. [The adverb swiftly modifies the verb ran and tells how.]
I read the funny pages early on Sunday morning. [The adverb early modifies the verb read and tells when.]
Jolene was comforting a very small child. [The adverb very modifies the adjective small and tells to what extent.]
A PREPOSITION is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word.
The cat walked through the door.
The cat walked toward the door.
The cat walked past the door.
A CONJUNCTION is a word that joins words or word groups. Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS)
- join words or word groups that are used in the same way
Coordinating Conjunctions
for
and
nor
but
or
yet
so
An INTERJECTIONis a word that expresses emotion.
A COMPLEMENT is a word or word group that completes the meaning of a verb
A DIRECT OBJECT is a noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of the verb.
A direct object answers the question Whom? or What? after a transitive verb.
EXAMPLES
I met Dr. Mason. [I met whom? I met Dr. Mason. Dr. Mason receives the action of the verb met.]
Did Bill hit a home run? [Bill did hit what? Bill did hit a home run. Home run receives the action of the verb hit.]
An INDIRECT OBJECT is a noun, pronoun, or word group that sometimes appears in sentences containing direct objects
Indirect objects tell to whom or to what, or for whom or for what, the action of the verb is done.
EXAMPLE
The waiter gave her the bill. [The pronoun her is the indirect object of the verb gave. It answers the question “To whom did the waiter give the bill?”]
A SUBJECT COMPLEMENT is connected to the subject by a linking verb.
There are two kinds of subject complements—predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives
A predicate nominative is a word or word group in the predicate that identifies the subject. A PREDICATE NOMINATIVE may be a noun, a pronoun, or a word group that functions as a noun. A predicate nominative is connected to its subject by a linking verb.
EXAMPLE
A dictionary is a valuable tool. [Tool is a predicate nominative that identifies the subject dictionary.]
A PREDICATE ADJECTIVE is an adjective that is in the predicate and that describes the subject.
A predicate adjective is connected to the subject by a linking verb.
EXAMPLE
Cold milk tastes good on a hot day. [Good is a predicate adjective that describes the subject milk.]
SIMPLE SENTENCES A simple sentence has one independent clause and no subordinate clauses. A simple sentence may have a compound subject, a compound verb, or both. Although a compound subject has two or more parts, it is still considered a single subject.
In the same way, a compound verb or verb phrase is considered one verb.
EXAMPLES S V
My mother belongs to the Friends of the Library. [single subject and single verb] COMPOUND SENTENCES A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses, usually joined by a comma and a connecting word. In a compound sentence, a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, nor, or, so, or yet) generally connects the independent clauses. A comma usually comes before the conjunction in a compound sentence.
EXAMPLES
I forgot my lunch, but Dad ran to the bus with it.
She likes sweets, yet she seldom buys them.
A PHRASE is a group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and its subject
A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE includes a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object.
EXAMPLES
under the umbrella for ourselves among good friends next to them
EXAMPLES
Linh Phan has the lead in the school play. [The noun play is the object of the preposition in.]
A prepositional phrase used as an adjective is called an adjective phrase.
ADJECTIVE Rosa chose the blue one.
ADJECTIVE
PHRASE Rosa chose the one with blue stripes.
An ADJECTIVE PHRASE modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Adjective phrases generally come after the words they modify and answer the same questions that single-word adjectives answer.
EXAMPLES:
The store with the neon sign is open. [The prepositional phrase with the neon sign is used as an adjective modifying the noun store. The phrase answers the question Which one?]
A prepositional phrase used as an adverb is called an adverb phrase.
ADVERB The cavalry will reach the fort soon.
ADVERB
PHRASE The cavalry will reach the fort by noon.
An ADVERB PHRASE modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
Adverb phrases answer the same questions that single-word adverbs answer: When? Where? How? Why? How often? How long? To what extent?
EXAMPLES:
We got a new puppy at the animal shelter. [The adverb phrase at the animal shelter modifies the verb got, telling where.] The CLAUSE – a word group that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a sentence or as a part of sentence INDEPENDENT Clause – expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence
When an independent clause stand alone it is called a sentence; usually, the term independent clause is used only when such a clause is joined with another clause
SUBORDINATE Clause – does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence o Words such as because, if, since, that, until, which , and whom signal that the clauses following them may be subordinate o A subordinate clause must be joined with at least one independent clause to make a sentence and express a complete thought o Subordinate clauses may appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence EXAMPLES
My mother drove me to school. (This entire sentence is an independent clause) My mother drove me to school, but my brother rode his bike. (This sentence contains two independent clauses)
Since I missed the bus, my mother drove me to school. (This sentence contains on subordinate clause and one independent clause)
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE if the dress is too long that the doctor recommended
8th Grade
Parts of Speech
Simple Sentence
Thesis Statement -- what it is and where it belongs in an essay
How to write a complete paragraph with details (further explanations)
Prepositional Phrases -adjective and adverb --- in light of reading reflection journals, several students have expressed that this section was review and that they learned it last year, so I figured I'd put it on the list
PARTS of SPEECH
NOUN - a person, place, thing, or idea
common - girl, language, school
proper - Sara, French, HMS
PRONOUN- a word used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns
personal
relative
interrogative
indefinite
demonstrative
reflexive
intensvie
ADJECTIVE - used to modify (describe) a noun or a pronoun and answers the questions what kind, which one, how many or how much
common - black, smooth, thin
proper - Chinese, Venetian,
demonstrative - this, that, these, those
VERB - shows action or links the subject to a word in the predicate
action (mental or physical)- run, snap, jump
linking (has a PN or a PA)- is, remain, smell
helping (helps the main verb)- be, am,
ADVERB - modifies verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs and answers the questions where, when, how, how often, how long, to what
extent, and how much
CONJUNCTION - joins words, phrases, and clauses together
coordinating - and, but, for, or nor, so, yet
correlative - neither...nor, either...or, not only...but also, both...and, whether....or
INTERJECTION - shows a strong emotion
KINDS of SENTENCES
declarative -makes a statement and ends with a period
imperative - gives a command or makes a request and ends with a period or sometimes and exclamation point
interrogative - asks a question and ends with a period
exclamatory - shows excitement or expresses and strong emotion and ends with an exclamtion point
7th Grade
A NOUN is a word or word group that is used to name a person, a place, a thing, or an idea
EXAMPLES
Persons teacher, chef, Dr. James
Places Grand Canyon, city, Canada, kitchen
Things lamp, granite, Nobel Prize, Golden Gate Bridge
Ideas happiness, self-control, liberty, bravery, democracy
A PRONOUN is a word that is used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns.
A personal pronoun refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one spoken about (third person).
To modify a word means to describe the word or to make its meaning more definite. An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by telling what kind, which one, how much, or how many.
A VERB is a word that expresses action or a state of being.
EXAMPLES
We celebrated the Chinese New Year yesterday.
The holiday is usually in February.
Action Verbs
A verb that expresses either physical or mental activity.
EXAMPLES
The owls hooted all night. [physical action]
Gloria plays volleyball. [physical action]
She thought about the problem. [mental action]
I believe you. [mental action]
Linking Verbs
A verb that expresses a state of being. A linking verb connects, or links, the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject.
EXAMPLES
Denzel Washington is an actor. [The verb is connects actor with the subject Denzel Washington.]
The children remained quiet. [The verb remained links quiet with the subject children.]
Helping Verbs and Main Verbs
A helping verb (auxiliary verb) helps the main verb express action or a state of being.
A verb phrase contains one main verb and one or more helping verbs.
An ADVERB is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Adverbs answer the following questions:
How much?
The sprinter ran swiftly. [The adverb swiftly modifies the verb ran and tells how.]
I read the funny pages early on Sunday morning. [The adverb early modifies the verb read and tells when.]
Jolene was comforting a very small child. [The adverb very modifies the adjective small and tells to what extent.]
A PREPOSITION is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word.
The cat walked through the door.
The cat walked toward the door.
The cat walked past the door.
A CONJUNCTION is a word that joins words or word groups.
Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS)
- join words or word groups that are used in the same way
An INTERJECTIONis a word that expresses emotion.
A COMPLEMENT is a word or word group that completes the meaning of a verb
A DIRECT OBJECT is a noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of the verb.
A direct object answers the question Whom? or What? after a transitive verb.
EXAMPLES
I met Dr. Mason. [I met whom? I met Dr. Mason. Dr. Mason receives the action of the verb met.]
Did Bill hit a home run? [Bill did hit what? Bill did hit a home run. Home run receives the action of the verb hit.]
An INDIRECT OBJECT is a noun, pronoun, or word group that sometimes appears in sentences containing direct objects
Indirect objects tell to whom or to what, or for whom or for what, the action of the verb is done.
EXAMPLE
The waiter gave her the bill. [The pronoun her is the indirect object of the verb gave. It answers the question “To whom did the waiter give the bill?”]
A SUBJECT COMPLEMENT is connected to the subject by a linking verb.
There are two kinds of subject complements—predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives
A predicate nominative is a word or word group in the predicate that identifies the subject.
A PREDICATE NOMINATIVE may be a noun, a pronoun, or a word group that functions as a noun. A predicate nominative is connected to its subject by a linking verb.
EXAMPLE
A dictionary is a valuable tool. [Tool is a predicate nominative that identifies the subject dictionary.]
A PREDICATE ADJECTIVE is an adjective that is in the predicate and that describes the subject.
A predicate adjective is connected to the subject by a linking verb.
EXAMPLE
Cold milk tastes good on a hot day. [Good is a predicate adjective that describes the subject milk.]
SIMPLE SENTENCES
A simple sentence has one independent clause and no subordinate clauses.
A simple sentence may have a compound subject, a compound verb, or both.
Although a compound subject has two or more parts, it is still considered a single subject.
In the same way, a compound verb or verb phrase is considered one verb.
EXAMPLES
S V
My mother belongs to the Friends of the Library. [single subject and single verb]
COMPOUND SENTENCES
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses, usually joined by a comma and a connecting word.
In a compound sentence, a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, nor, or, so, or yet) generally connects the independent clauses.
A comma usually comes before the conjunction in a compound sentence.
EXAMPLES
I forgot my lunch, but Dad ran to the bus with it.
She likes sweets, yet she seldom buys them.
A PHRASE is a group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and its subject
A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE includes a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object.
EXAMPLES
under the umbrella for ourselves among good friends next to them
EXAMPLES
Linh Phan has the lead in the school play. [The noun play is the object of the preposition in.]
A prepositional phrase used as an adjective is called an adjective phrase.
ADJECTIVE Rosa chose the blue one.
ADJECTIVE
PHRASE Rosa chose the one with blue stripes.
An ADJECTIVE PHRASE modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Adjective phrases generally come after the words they modify and answer the same questions that single-word adjectives answer.
EXAMPLES:
The store with the neon sign is open. [The prepositional phrase with the neon sign is used as an adjective modifying the noun store. The phrase answers the question Which one?]
A prepositional phrase used as an adverb is called an adverb phrase.
ADVERB The cavalry will reach the fort soon.
ADVERB
PHRASE The cavalry will reach the fort by noon.
An ADVERB PHRASE modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
Adverb phrases answer the same questions that single-word adverbs answer: When? Where? How? Why? How often? How long? To what extent?
EXAMPLES:
We got a new puppy at the animal shelter. [The adverb phrase at the animal shelter modifies the verb got, telling where.]
The CLAUSE – a word group that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a sentence or as a part of sentence
INDEPENDENT Clause – expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence
When an independent clause stand alone it is called a sentence; usually, the term independent clause is used only when such a clause is joined with another clause
SUBORDINATE Clause – does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence
o Words such as because, if, since, that, until, which , and whom signal that the clauses following them may be subordinate
o A subordinate clause must be joined with at least one independent clause to make a sentence and express a complete thought
o Subordinate clauses may appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence
EXAMPLES
My mother drove me to school. (This entire sentence is an independent clause)
My mother drove me to school, but my brother rode his bike. (This sentence contains two independent clauses)
Since I missed the bus, my mother drove me to school. (This sentence contains on subordinate clause and one independent clause)
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE if the dress is too long
that the doctor recommended
8th Grade
Parts of Speech
Simple Sentence
Thesis Statement -- what it is and where it belongs in an essay
How to write a complete paragraph with details (further explanations)
Prepositional Phrases -adjective and adverb --- in light of reading reflection journals, several students have expressed that this section was review and that they learned it last year, so I figured I'd put it on the list